Pons
- Contains:
- Reticular formation – arousal, motor control.
- Cochlear & superior olive – auditory processing (sound localization).
- Locus coeruleus – norepinephrine, arousal, pupil dilation.
- Raphe nuclei – serotonin, sleep-wake.
- Vestibular nuclei – balance.
- Also the origin of several cranial nerves (e.g., facial, trigeminal, vestibulocochlear).